A water softener does its work on a schedule. It uses a timer or electronic control to decide when to regenerate, which is the cycle that rinses and recharges the resin. When power is lost, the control may keep its settings in memory, or it may lose the clock and some programmed values. Which one happens depends on the design of the control, so the only reliable answer is to look at your own unit.
What can change after an outage
The most common change is the time of day. If the clock resets, a regeneration that was set for the middle of the night may run in the middle of the afternoon, when the house is in use and water demand is high. Some controls also reset the regeneration interval or the hardness setting to a factory default.
A less obvious change is that the unit may stop regenerating altogether if the display shows an error or the control is stuck in a standby mode. A unit that does not regenerate will eventually send hard water to the house, and the first sign is often scale on fixtures rather than an alarm.
What to check on the display
Look at the time, the regeneration schedule, and the hardness or capacity setting. Compare each one with the written settings from your installer or the manual. If the display has an error code or flashing indicator, look up what it means in the manual before pressing buttons, since some codes call for a specific reset sequence.
Check the salt level in the brine tank as well. A power cut does not usually drain salt, but a regeneration that runs at the wrong time or fails partway can leave the tank in a state that needs attention.
Do not guess the hardness setting
The hardness setting should come from your own water test, not from a number you remember or one a neighbor used. If you cannot find the original number, ask the installer for it or request a current test from a lab before you change the setting. A wrong setting can either waste salt or let hard water through.
Keep a settings card
Write down the time, regeneration schedule, hardness setting, and any other programmed values on a card, and keep the card with the unit's paperwork. Note the date you last confirmed the settings, and update it after any service visit. When the next outage happens, you will know in a minute whether anything has changed.
If the settings will not hold after an outage, or the control keeps resetting, call the installer or service provider rather than trying repeated fixes. Repeated resets can hide the cause, and the pattern itself is useful information for whoever comes out to look at the unit.